Tao Li: Data curation, Visualization, Investigation. Hangqi Feng: Data curation, Visualization. Yunli Feng: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Validation. Guolong Liu: Data curation, Visualization. Jinliang Du: Data curation, Visualization, Software, Investigation, Writing – original draft. If necessary, the article can be CRediT authorship contribution statement The author(s) confirms that the research in their work is original, and that all the data given in the article are real and authentic. The authors confirm that the article has not been submitted to peer review, nor has been accepted for publishing in another journal. I write on behalf of myself and all co-authors to confirm that the results reported in the manuscript are original and neither the entire work, nor any of its parts have been previously published. On the one hand, the recrystallization of ferrite leads to the change of Originality statement The excellent mechanical properties mainly come from the synergistic mechanical behavior of the multiscale matrix and heterogeneous boundaries. While maintaining a high elongation, the yield strength is doubled, that is, the yield strength is 707 MPa and the elongation is 18.1%. In summary, a novel heterostructure was successfully obtained in plain medium carbon steel by warm rolling and short-time annealing in this study. The lamellar cementite (theta phase) is transformed into a spherical or short rod shape under the action of rolling force and temperature, most of Summary The eutectoid ferrite is divided into fine grains (FG) and ultrafine grains (UFG) by high-density grain boundaries caused by severe plastic deformation, with orientation, as shown in Fig. 1(ãb) shows that the pro-eutectoid ferrite is drawn into strips (CG) with orientation under the action of rolling force and temperature. The samples were named WA500, WA550, WA600, and WA650, respectively. The warm-rolled samples were then heated to 600 ☌ for 30 min in the furnace and then cooled to room temperature in air. Subsequently, a warm rolling treatment with a reduction ratio of 84% was performed. In this work, the industrial plain medium carbon steel samples (0.45%C, 0.54%Mn, 0.26%Si, 0.019%S, 0.021%P) after pseudoeutectoid pretreatment were heated to 500 ☌, 550 ☌, 600 ☌, and 650 ☌, respectively, for 30 min. By controlling the deformation tendency of the multiscale matrix, the dynamic behavior of cementite, and the properties of the heterogeneous grain boundary, the mechanism by which the multiscale matrix and the heterogeneous grain boundary indirectly activate various strengthening mechanisms through dislocations/cementite is revealed. Therefore, a preparation method for HSMs with warm rolling at different temperatures and short-time annealing was designed. In this study, we noticed that frequent interactions between second phases, dislocations, matrix, and grain boundaries are the key to intergranular deformation. Although the interaction of lattice distortions with movable grain boundaries has been well studied, how the interaction of multiscale matrix and heterogeneous boundaries activates other strengthening mechanisms is unclear. It has been shown that the additional strengthening effect of HSM is due to the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at the heterogeneous boundary. Multiscale matrix and heterogeneous grain boundaries with different mechanical properties are important features of HSMs, , ]. Heterostructured materials (HSMs), as emerging structural materials, have attracted extensive attention due to their good controllability, scalability, and low processing cost, , ]. However, its production process requires an accurate temperature control system to realize long-term thermal insulation treatment, resulting in high equipment, economic and time costs, ]. transformed ferrite matrix into bainite/ferrite structure by long-term isothermal treatment, retained relatively high fine crystal strengthening, and coordinated strength and plasticity to a certain extent by using the soft-hard coordination between ferrite/bainite. To improve the balance between strength and plasticity, Cai et al. However, these methods often lead to the strain hardening capacity of plain carbon steel being lower than the original bearing capacity, and the plasticity is reduced, , ]. At present, the microstructure design methods of plain carbon steel mainly include adjusting the ratio of large angle grain boundary to low angle grain boundary, grain size and regulating the second phase behavior, etc., such as nanocrystalline, ultrafine, metastable structure, etc. How to improve its strength and maintain certain plasticity has become the focus of research, , ]. Plain carbon steel is widely used in machinery, construction and many other industries.
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